Automatic fluid pressure transmission



A ril 28, 1953 wfT. LIVERMORE AUTOMATIC FLUID PRESSURE TRANSMISSION 2 SHEET$SHEET 1 Filed Aug. 30, 1946 INVENTOR. MAL/AM 7T nan/w ke Arron/vex v April 28, 1953 w; 'r. LIVERMORE AUTOMATIC FLUID PRESSURE TRANSMISSION 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2 Filed Aug. 30, 1946 2: i a I a2 U fi a JdJ/ 9. a N2 8 a: Q 4

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Mum" Z bra/max: I4 k BYRQ l Irma/vex k Patented Apr. 28, 1953 AUTOMATIC FLUID PRESSURE TRANSMISSION William T. Livermore, Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich.

Application August 30, 1946, Serial No. 693,873

7 8 Claims. (01. 192 s7) This invention relates to automatic fluid pressure transmissions of the same general type as disclosed in my prior U. S. Letters Patent Nos.

2,120,104 and 2,376,545, granted June '7, 1938, and May 22, 1945, respectively, as well as in my co-pending application for patent Serial No. 504,548, now forfeited, and more particularly to improved fluid pressure operated clutch means used in conjunction with a synchronizer unit to effect engagement of'various gear ratios between a vehicle's engine and output propeller shaft.

In any automatic transmission particularly designed for automotive vehicles, it is highly important that a change from one gear ratio to another gear ratio be effected as smoothly as possible Without objectionable jerking effects. I have accomplished this in my prior constructions, such, for example, as disclosed in the above reference Patent No. 2,376,545 and co-pending application No. 504,548, now forfeited, by the use of various control means for the admission of fluid pressure to a pair of clutches so arranged that the rate of flow of the fluid under pressure to and from the clutch applying devices is such that there would be a certain amount of overlap of the period of engagement of the respective clutches so that, for example, when passing from low gear to second speed, engagement of the clutch for second gear takes place shortly before the low gear clutch is completely disengaged. In accordance with the present in- .vention free wheeling units are employed in,

what may be termed, the transmission gearing proper so that when one clutch is caused to be I engaged to transfer the drive to a different gear ratio from a lower gear ratio which immediately preceded and which has been effective through a different clutch, the objectionable jerking effects which might otherwise be present are entirely eliminated by the presence of the free wheeling units in the gearing, the gears of lower ratio retaining the drive to the propeller shaft until the higher speed gear takes over the drive and by the overrunning effect inherent in the free Wheeling unit gradually releases the gears of the lower gear ratio.

One of the principal objects of the present invention is to provide a new and improved construction for an automatic transmission, particularly of the, fluid pressure clutch type, wherein clutch engagements are effected under the combined influence of engine speed through centrifugal force and pressure of the fluid being delivered to theclutch'fo'r the purpose of actuat- A further object is to provide a new and improved construction for a clutch housing and a transmission mounting and connections between them whereby the clutch housing and transmission will be automatically self-aligning to compensate not only for variations in manufacturing tolerances, but also for variations due to wear.

Another object is to provide improved fluid pressure means for actuating the clutches.

A further object is to provide improved expanding diaphragms for causing engagement of the-friction clutches.

These and other objects will appear more clearly from a detailed description of particular embodiments of the present invention and from an examination of the drawings forming a part hereof wherein,

Fig.1 is a longitudinal vertical'section through the gear clutches and other associated parts shown in cross section therein. v

Fig. 2 is a longitudinal vertical section through the clutch housing, the gear clutches and other associated parts of an automotive-clutch assembly.

Fig. 3 is a similar vertical section through a second automotive clutch assembly.

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view of a portion of the assembly shown in Fig. 3 but taken along a plane perpendicular to that shown in Fig. 3.

As shown in-Fig. 1 the numeral I!) may be considered as representing the end of the shaft of an internal combustion engine for an automotive vehicle and the numeral H the lateral web of the flywheel of the engine which is suitably secured to the shaft 10. Carried by the flywheel web H or other similar face plate for rotation therewith is a pair of clutches l2, l3.

Clutch I2 is secured upon and in driving relationship with a stub shaft I4, one end of which is piloted as indicated at 15 within the end of the engine shaft Iii-and the other end of which terminates in an enlarged head, the outer periphery of which is formed as a gear not shown. The shaft M passes through a wall I 6 of a transmission housing or casing and is supported by an antiefriction bearing ['1 therein. The clutch is 'iskyed upon one end of a sleeve IS. The other end of sleeve l8 likewise terminates in an enlarged head, the outer periphery of which is formed as a gear lBu. I

The engagement of driven clutch elementsfiz and :3 is preferably effected by means of fluid under pressure delivered-under the control of automatic control devices through either of conduits l9 or 20. These conduits are connected to a collector ring 2| in which is rotatably received the extended hub 22 of a diaphragm carrying plate 22a. The conduit I8 communicates through an annular conduit {9a with a conduit Ela extending longitudinally of the hub 22 and communicates through a branch 23 with a pressure chamber 2.4 formed between the lateral plate 22a and a diaphragm 25 carried thereby. The conduit 25 communicates through an annular branch Zlla with a similar longitudinally extending conduit 26 which in turn communicates through a branch 21 with a pressure cham ber 23 formed between the plate 22a and 2. diaphragm 29 also carried by said plate 212a.

When fluid under pressure is delivered into the pressure chamber 24, such pressure is exerted against the inner face of the diaphragm 25 to move said diaphragm toward the right in the drawing and exert pressure on a pressure ring 30 through which passes a plurality of studs '31 secured within the plate 22a and which serve to secure the diaphragms 25, '29 to said plate. As shown, a slight clearance is'leftbetween the pressure ring so and the nuts cm on studs 31.

Connecting bolts 32 connect the pressure ring 38 to a clutch applying plate 33 so that under certain conditions the plate 33 will be moved toward the right causing clutch element 12 to be engaged. The slight degree of movement required to take up the clearance between the pressure ring '39 and the nuts 34a is not, however, sufficient to cause effective clutch element engagement of clutch l? as hereinafter more fully explained.

When fluid under pressure is admitted into the pressure chamber 28, it exerts pressure upon diaphragm 29 tending to move said diaphragm to the left and by exerting pressure onthe ring 35, move the clutch applying plate 533a toward the left to engage clutch element 13 by squeezing the plates thereof between the clutch applying plate 33a and a clutch backing plate 35. A plurality of shouldered studs 36 pass through suitable apertures provided in the plate 22a and in the clutch backing plate 35, nuts 31 serving to clamp the clutch backing plate 35 and-the plate 22a against shoulders provided on the studs 36 to hold the plates 35 and 22a in fixed spaced relationship to each other. around the lateral web I l of the flywheelisa plurality of shouldered studs 38 which are clamped securely thereto by the nuts '39. Each of these studs 38 terminates at its inner end-in flattened portions which pass freely into suitable slots provided about the periphery of the clutch backing plate 35.

The engagement of the studs 38 within the slots of the clutch backing plate 35 forms a driving connection between said plate and the web H of the flywheel and as the flywheel is-secured to the engine shaft 10, the backing plate 35 will therefore be driven at engine speed. The connection formed by the studs36 between the backing plate 35, the clutch applying plate 33 and the diaphragm carrying member 22a will likewise cause both of the latter to be driven at engine speed. It will be noted that'the hub 22 is of substantial length and that it is rotatably supported .by a sleeve bearing Ma upon the sleeve l8 which in turn is carried at its right hand end by the shaft 14, through the anti friction bearing 41 interposed between :the enlarged end of the sleeve 18 and the shaft 14, thus serving to hold this endofishaft -l 4. andrsleevc thin accurate 91.

Secured at spaced intervals 1 centric relationship. The connection afforded by the studs 36 between the plate 22a and the clutch backing plate 35 in effect unites the clutch backing plate 35 to the members 22, 22a to form therewith a unitary structure but as the connection between the backing plate 35 and the flywheel I I by the engagement of the flattened portion d8 of the studs 38 within the slots of the plate 35 permits a relative tilting movement between the flywheel H and the unitary structure consisting of the members 22, 22a and the backing plate 35, it will be seen that the parts will be self-compensating not only for variations in manufacturing tolerances but also for wear.

When friction clutches are employed for transmission of power and particularly when such clutches are used in an automobile, it is essential that means be provided for varying the amount of pressure used for engaging the clutches. For example, if a uniform clutch pressure is employed that would be sufficiently high to prevent clutch slippage at relatively high torques, the application or engagement of the clutch with such a high pressure when starting the vehicle or shifting with light torque would result in a very objectionable jerk, would throw undue strains upon the driving gears, propeller and axle shafts and in many cases would result in immediate stalling of the engine. If the clutch pressure were maintained uniformly but sufficiently low to prevent the objectionable effects just mentioned, excessive clutch slippage would inevitably correct the high torques with resulting excessive wear upon the clutch plate surfaces and 'objectional heating effects.

When an automobile is equipped with a conventional clutch pedal for manual engagement of the clutch, the skillful driver engages the clutch to such a degree as to permit a certain amount of clutch slippage and thereby avoids the objectionable jerking effect. To simulate this manual graduation of pressure in an automatic transmission and particularly when first gear clutch engagement is effected, it becomes highly important and desirable to have the pressure for clutch engagement varied in accordance with engine torque or throttle opening which is an indicator thereof. This is eifected in the present invention by the following means:

The pressure ring 30 which, as heretofore described, is secured to the diaphragm carrying plate 22a by the studs 31 carries a plurality of weights 32 which are pivotally secured at one end to the pressure ring 38 as at 43, the other end 42a of each weight being free. The connecting bolts 32, hereinbefore referred to, are pivotally connected as at 32a to the weights &2 and said bolts pass through suitable apertures in the clutch applying plates 33 and 33a, an adjusting nut 32b being threaded on to the end of each connecting bolt 32 for engagement with the plate 33 and a spring 32c being confined between the plates 33 and 3311.

It will be seen from the foregoing description and by reference to the drawing that the springs 320 will tend to move the plate 33 toward the face plate ii and will exert pressur upon the connecting rods 32 which, through their pivotal connection at 32a to the weights 42, will tend to normally hold the free ends 52a of the weights 42 against the outer periphery of the plate 33.

As the clutch assembly is rotated, the centrifugal force will tend. to move the free ends 62a of the weights 42 outwardly. This will also tend to cause the nuts 32b to exert a pressure upon the asst-sat eech. kin P ate flfi n e 'i w "from the nywheel g'l I or toward the right inthe drawing, thus-tending to engage the'clutch' I2 used in the present case to effect firstgear drive.

socn as-the nuts '32b"comeinto contacting engagement with the clutchapplying plate 33,-the pivotal connection 32a"ofthe rods'32 with the -weights--42will then act as a fulcrurn for the 'wei'ghts 42 which will then, if; there isno fluid under-pressure withirr'the'pressure chamber 24, tend amuse them tomove the pressure ring 30 toward the left distortingthe diaphragm 25-in {the' same direction until the weights 42 reach the stops-44r Therefore, the outward movement of the weights 42 will-merely'resultin distorting the diaphragm 25, and-plate3 3-will not be moved to therightf'ar enough toapplyclutch l2. H hCW "ever,- there is fluid pressure within the chamber '24, i-t-will react against diaphragm 25 and tend to prevent distortion thereof. Thi s will then -cause the pins43- instead-of the pivotal connec- 'tion -'32a' to act as fulcrums for the wei hts 42 as they are moved outwardlyby thecentrifugal force, thus pulling rods 32 and-plate 33 to the ri'ght-against the springs-32c and, thereby applyin'g clutch element l2. If the fluid pressure is "s'uflicient to hold plate against nuts 31a, the

the press'ureon clutch element l2 due to 'the centrifugal force of the weights 42 will increase as'the engine speed is increased until finally it causes 'a' clutch drag to be e'xerted'that is great enough to prevent further increase in en ine speed. The fiuid'pressure delivered tothe pressure chamber 24 increases with the extent of throttle opening as fully disclosed in my parent P co-pending application, Serial No. 539,259, and and the greater the throttle opening, the higher will be the engine speed at which'this clutch dra'g will occur. Therefore, for each particular throttle opening, ther'ewill be a corresponding speed at which the pressure will be "sufficient to prevent any further" increase in speed and the pressure is thus automatically self-adjusted to throttle opening. The power thus transmitted through the clutch will start the vehicle in motion' and as its speed increases, the clutch element I2 will finally run as fast'as the engine and clutchslipping then ceases; As the speed o'f the vehicle and the-"engine continues to increase, .the centrifugal force mounts rapidly'thus preventingany further tendency to sli r alresult of the above-described construction, the advantage of a smooth gradual initial clutch engagement by hydraulic pressure is obtained 'while the advantage of varying the effective clutch pressure in accordance with engine speed by centrifugal means is also utilized. 1 V i It will, of course, "be understood that hydraulic pressu're'may also be applied at idling speeds in 'which case' the weights would be held by j the release'springs from causing centrifugal engagement until the engine'speed is increased. The starting action is then controlled entirely by centrifugal force, in which case, the hydraulic action -would be used only to release the clutches for r shifting.

It will further be understood that depending on the strength of the springs 32c, theweights 42 may move outwardly to engage the stops 44 as soon as the engine is started and reaches idling speed, but such movement of the weights would notbe sufficientto apply the clutch. Therefore, when fluid under pressure is admitted to the {chamber 24 and the diaphragm ,5, the clutch engagement is e ec ed h draulically bydistortion of the diaphragm which -simultaneously 3 causes the weights 42 to-be moved-inwardly and away fromthe stop 44. 1 g

Under these conditions, therefore,- the weights 42-then occupy a position in which they are cocked as it were to beirnmediately responsive to speed fluctuations. I I

j The steps 44 provided for the weights 42 serve to limit the amount of clutch pressure that can be exerted as the result of centrifugalforce. Otherwise, the centrifugal forces might result in the production of stresses that would bedestructive at high'speeds. It will be seenfrom the foregoing-that the combination of thehydraulic pressure and centrifugal force are required-to provide enough movement-t0 plate 33 to cause engagement of clutchelement l2. 1

If fluid under pressure exists in the pressure chamber 28, such 'pressure 'tends to'move the pressure ring 34 towards the left to exert pressure on the clutch applying plate 3311- thus causing the engagement of clutch element [3. As the clutch element [3 is used in the present transmission for second speed drive and as the conditions with respect to clutch pressure in making a shift from first to second, or from high or direct drive to second gear are not as critical as the clutch pressures that are required in starting the {vehicle from rest, the clutch pressures employed for application and engagement ofthe clutch element l3 are uninfiuenced by the centrifugal effects of the weights 42 variationin the clutch pressures employed for'clutch element [3 being merely those which result from the functioning of a pressure control valve which is regulated in accordance with the extent of throttle opening.

The arrangement of the weights 42 andtheir connection to the pressure ring 30 such that the engagement of the clutch element I2 is produced by the combined effect of engine speed and pressure within'the pressure chamber 24 results in a highly efficient graduated application of the clutch compensated for varying load, torque and speed conditions. The springs 320 are preferably made of such strength that the centrifugal force exerted by the weights 42 is not sufficient when the engine is running at idling speed to overcome the resistance of such springs. When, however, the accelerator pedal is depressed to openthe throttle of the engine, fluid under pressure is admitted to the chamber 24 to move the diaphragm and pressure ring 3!! until the latter has taken up the clearance provided and the ring'30 has moved into engagement with thenuts 31d. Atthe same time, the speedof the engine is increased because of the openingof the, throttle until when the engine hasreached a speed slightly greater than idling speed, the weights 42 are then capable of exerting under the action of the centrifugal force a pull upon the rods'32 lsuflicient to overcome the resistancejof springs 32c and engage the clutch element I2 with a comparatively light clutch pressure. Although this pressure is suflicient to impart drive, the conditions are equivalent to those effected by a'skillful driver inslipping the clutch for parking or other maneuvers. 'As the accelerator "pedal is still further depressed and the speed'oftheengine is-increased, the centrifugal force imparted to the weights "42 increases until the weights exert a pull upon the'rods 32 sufficiently great to engage the clutch'element l2fmor'e tightly until finally clutch slippage can no longefoccurf-If,'-at any time; the pressureexerted-by the weights '4': exceeds resistance'offered by the -pressurecf theflu d. with n the c amb r v24 against he d aphragm 25, such pressure will tend to {move the ring 30 and diaphragm 25 towards the left, thereby squeezing the fluid under pressure out of the chamber 2-4 and back into the fluid pressure conduit. The result isthat at no time can the clutch pressure be greater than the pressure exerted by the fluid on diaphragm 25 norcan the flu-id pressure alone produce application or engagement of the clutch. The clutch pressure in the last analysis, therefore, is determined and governed by the force exerted by the weights 452 due to the centrifugal effects until the engine s ed ha nc ease o a P n u h ha t centrifugal force on the weights 42 would tend to produce a clutch pressure greater than the resist- 'ance oiiered by the fluid under pressure within the chamber 24.

As it is characteristic of devices wherein weights are caused to be moved under centrifugal forces for the weights to fly out suddenly which in a centrifugal clutch tends t produce jerky clutch action, the rate of clutch application in the present invention is controlled by governing the rate at which the fluid under pressure is admitted into the pressure chamber 2%, this being accomplished by the use of a restricted orifice'or jet in the fluid pressure line leading to the fluid pressure chamber 24, as shown in the aforementioned parent application. It will thus be seen that by suitable calibration of the springs 32c and orifice, the clutch pressure exerted on clutch element [2 at relatively low engine speeds is governed by the centrifugal force exerted by the weights 82 while the rate of clutch application is governed by the rate at which the fluid under pressure is permitted to flow into the chamber 2 1-. -It will further be seen that by suitable adjustmentof the nuts em and 32b and positioning of the stop 54, the clutch may be caused to be engaged withsuillcient pressure for positive nonslipping drive solely by the action of the centrifugal weights 4?. or solely by the pressure admitted into the chamber 24. In the latter case, therefore, the centrifugal effects may be employed for full clutch application when the car is in low gear and the hydraulic pressure relied upon for positive clutch application when the transmission is in the higher ear ratio.

It will be understood that the construction and arrangement whereby the clutch element l2 may be engaged under the combined influence of the centrifugal force of the weights 42 and thehydraulic pressure within the pressure chamber 2 1 is such that the manner in which the clutch is caused to function may be varied as desired bysimple adjustments of the nuts 3m and 32b. For example, these nuts may be so adjusted that when fluid is initiallyadmitted to the chamber 24 for starting purposes, although it will distort the diaphragm 25 and move the ring 30 to the right, the amount of motion so produced will not be sufiicient to apply the clutch but merely sufilcient to enable the diaphragm 25 to act as a reaction member for the weights 42 and so that when the engine reaches a predetermined speed of rotation, the engagement of the clutch for starting the vehicle will be produced primarily by the centrifugal action of the weights 42. After the vehicle is started, the clutch is then caused to be released and re-engaged for effecting the gear shifts-by releasingand re-applying the pressure of the fluid within the chamber 24. Again by suitable adjustment, the clutch pressure may b l m esihy t e sn ri uaal ac i ated that-ate or clutch application established by hydraulic scribed above is disclosed in my co-pending application for U. S. Letters Patent Serial No. 539,259, and as to such subject matter the present application is divisional and in accordance with a Patent Office action on such co-pending application requiring division between claims directed to an automatic change speed mechanism and those to a multiple clutch assembly. The multiple clutch assemblies shown in Figs. 2 3 and .4, to be hereinafter described, include certain new features heretofore undisclosed in my previous applications, and as to such subject matter the present application forms a continua.- tion in part of the co-pending application-mentioned above.

As will be seen by a comparison of the draw.- ings and from the following description of the clutch assemblies shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 41, the modifications included therein relate primarily to the centrifugal means for causing the engine speed to influence the engagement of the first gear clutch, although certain other improvements have likewise been incorporated.

The clutch assembly shown in Fig. 2 includes driven clutch elements and 5! and a central backup plate 52 which is supported from and driven by the flywheel 53 through ,a plurality of steel straps 54, the outer ends of which are bolted to the flywheel by bolts 55 and the inner ends of which are bolted to the backup plate 52 by means of bolts 56. Movable pressureplates 5'1, 58 are mounted respectively adjacent to the clutch elements 56 and 51 and are supported from the central driving plate 52, each by three steel straps similar to the straps 54 and bolts 55 but which are not shown in the drawing because they are spaced at diiferent points about the periphery of the central driving plate, the support of the plates 5'! and 58 being such that, although the plates 5?, 58 are held concentric with the axis of rotation of the flywheel, they are free to be moved longitudinally to apply pressure to the driven clutch elements 50 and 5| by the clutch actuating means now to be described.

The clutch cover 59 is supported as a unit with the central driving plate '52 by means of the bolts 56 and said clutch cover, therefore, rotates bearing 6d. it will be seen from the ,aboveedescribed construction that the central driving plate 52. the clutch cover 59, the cylinder housing 68 and driving sleeve 6| thus form a single unitary assembly which is connected at one end to the flywheel 53 through the steel straps 54 and is supported near its other end by the ball bearing E i. It may be seen that the strap suspension retains the advantages of self-compensating alignment described in connection with the clutch assembly shown in Fig. 1 while completely eliminating the objectionable inherent tendency for the loose driving connections in the first embodiment to rattle or click upon application an re ea e o dr ve th u h suc c nnec ns Moun ed in su ble ev ind i m d in the siting h ses to are th e l ers-pa nt? 9 for engaging the clutchelement 55, and three similar pistons 66 for engaging clutch element 55. As clearly shown in Fig. 2, the cylinder housing 65 has a reduced hub extension 6'! and is provided with annular grooves 58, 69 which serve as collector grooves for fluid under pressure to be delivered to the pistons 55, 66, the grooves 68, 69 being separated by piston rings Ill. The. reduced hub 6! of the cylinder housing is rotatably mounted within a stationary housing l l a, formed integral with casting "II and which is provided with conduits or ducts 12, 13 which communicate, respectively, with the annular grooves 68, 69. Groove 69 communicates through a longitudinally extending groove 74 with the pistons 66, while groove 68 communicates through longitudinal groove 15 with the piston 65.

' If clutch element 50 is to be engaged, oil is transmitted through duct 12 to groove 69 and thence through longitudinal passage M to pistons 66. The oil pressure building up on the right hand end of pistons 55 is transmitted through cushion springs 15 to piston rods H, to the inner ends of levers l8, and to the bolts 19 which serve as tension members, the levers l8 pivoting in suitable apertures 80 provided in the clutch cover 59, and causing the clutch pressure plate 51 to be pulled to the right by the bolts 19 to clamp the driven clutch element 50 between the central backing plate 52 and the clutch pressure plate 51.

' If clutch element is to be engaged, oil is transmitted through the duct 73, groove 68, longitudinal passage -to the pistons 65, and, as the'oil pressure builds up behind pistons 65, the pistons are moved to the left and the piston rods 8| exert pressure upon'the inner ends of the levers 82, causing said levers to be moved upon their fulcrumed pivotal engagement, like the levers 18, in suitable openings 83 provided in a lever 84 and through which openings the outer ends of the lever 82 project. As the piston rods 8! and levers 32 are moved towards the left, as above described, this movement is communicated to the pressure plate 52 through the pivotally mounted strut or pushrods 85. The parts are so constructed that the stroke imparted to pistons 65 by the oil pressure islimited and does not impart to the righthand pressure plate 58 a sufficient amount of motion to cause said plate to produce driving engagement of the clutch element 5|.

- Initial engagement of the clutch element'5l in cooperation with the movement of the levers 82 by the pistons 65 is produced bymeans of centrifugal weigh-ts 86, which are mounted upon the left hand ends of levers 84. Secured to the right hand end of levers 84, by means of rivets 81, is one end of a flexible steel strip 88, the other end of which is secured by a row of rivets 89 to a flat portion of the clutch cover 59. The side of lever 84 adjacent to the steel strip 88 is arcuate in form so that, as the weights 86 move outwardly under the influence of centrifugal force, the arcuate surface of the lever rolls upon and adjusted that without the cooperation of the hydraulic pistons 65, the motion or action of the centrifugal means is not sufficient to produce engagement of clutch element 5i, and likedescribed, is insufiicient to produce engagement of said clutch without the action of the centrifugal means. H

When the engine is stationary, release springs (not shown) of any common or usual construction provided between the centralclutch backing plate 52 and the clutch pressure plate 58 hold the centrifugal weights and levers 56 and 84 in their inward position and against the peripheryof the clutch pressureplate 57, which serves as a stop tolimit the inward movement of the weights 86 to the position in which they are shown in Fig. 2 of the drawing, and withthe clutch element 5i disengaged. These springs are of such strength that they permit the weights 86 to move outwardly under the influence of centrifugal force until they contact against the inside of the rim of -the flywheel 53 in the dotted line position, shown in Fig. 2 of the drawings, at the idling speed of the engine. The vehicle is started by admitting fluid under pressure to the pistons 65 and the engine is simultaneously speeded up by opening the throttle. As the centrifugal weights are already held in the outer dotted line position by the centrifugal force, the clutch element 5| will-be engaged at a rate depending upon the rate at which the oil flows to pistons 65. The pressure on the clutch, however, will be-limited by the amount of centrifugal force-exerted by the weights 86. If the engine is running slowly and'the centrifugal force on the weight isthereijore light when the pistons are caused to be moved to the end of their stroke by the oil pressure, theweights 55 will be moved inwardly part way toward their innermost position. If it is assumed that the throttle is now open a certain amount, the speed'or the engine will consequently increase, the centrifugal force exerted on weights 86 will be correspondingly increased, and-clutch element 51 will be engaged with a corresponding pressure. As the engine speed and this pressure increase together,

the point will be reached where the pressure will besufficient to prevent further increase in engine speed. If the throttle is held in, this position theclutch Will continue to slip at a constant engine speed until the vehicle is moving fast enough so that the driven clutch element 5| will finally be turning the same speed as the engine and the clutchslippage will then cease. The'speed of the 'enginetnen further increases and the i'orceexerte'd by'theweights iii; eventually becomes great enougn'so that the pistons are forced to the right by the action or the levers 52, and the weights flli'assume their outermost positionagainst the rim or the flywheel as a stop. "lt'will thus be seen that the oil pressure against the pistons 55 acts as a yieloable cushion member not only' to prevent excessive forces being exerted at high engine speeds by the centrifugal force upon the weights at "and thereby damaginglthe' mechanis'nifbut the oil pressure on' the pistons 65 serves to place an upper limit upon the pressure which can at any t me beap'pliedto clutch'jelement 51'. I

It is to be noted thatthroughout the range -ofenginespeeds which slipping occurs the controlled by the centrifugal clutch pressure is. weights 86, while therate at which'the res buildsupltothis Sure amount is, however, controlled ensures 1-1 Experience with centrifugal c utch actuating means has proven them to be a very's'atisfactory means for regulating clutch pressure, except "for the instance of initial clutch ngagemen't which is often very sudden and causes an'objectionable backlash noise or a bumping jerk in the driving parts between the clutchand the wheels of the vehicle. Hydraulic means on the other hand provides a very smooth method of obtaining initialengagement. Therefore, the arrangement above described provides the combined advantages of both hydraulic and centrifugal controls.

A sudden initial engagement of a centrifugal clutch, as above referred to, is caused by the fact that as the centrifugal weights move outwardly, the centrifugal force increases due to the increase in the radial distance to which the weights are moved from the axis of rotation. Therefore, as soon as the weights begin'to move outwardly, even though their speed of rotation may not change, the weights are-caused to move suddenly from their inner 'to their outermost position. The method of mounting the centrifugal levers 84, as herein described and shown, completely eliminates this tendency towards sudden action of the weights because as the weights 86 swing outwardly and the arcuate p'ortions of the levers 83 move or 'roll upon their points of support upon the flexible strip 88, the effective lever or moment arm of each of the levers 84 is'automatically reduced by'an amount sufficient to compensate for the above described increase in the centrifugal force due to the increase in the radial distance of the weights from the axis of rotation.

Referring to the modified clutch assembly shown in Figs. 3 and 4, driven 'clutch element 90 is engaged by means of fluid pressure within an annular diaphragm'chamber 91 moving pressure plate 92 through a 'plate93 associated with the diaphragm 9i and in a similar manner clutch element 96 is engaged by fluid pressure introduced into a diaphragm chamber -95 which transmits movement to pressure plate '96 by means of plate 91 and bolts 98. The influence of engine speed in'effecting engagementof clutch element 90 is accomplished through the -use of a centrifugal valve *99 held with apressure'proportional to the speed'of the engine inclosl'ng position over an exhaust port Hi associated with the diaphragm "91. H I

The diaphragms associated with chambers 91 and as are seatedin a diaphragmplatelili'having a hub m2 piloted t'o'a sleeve Hi3 uponbearings tilt and 105. The'sleevellliiisihjturn'supported at its right hand "end'by 'aball bearing Hit. The diaphragm plate ill! connected to and driven by a central backing plate lfll thr'ough a plurality of circumferentiallyfspaced bolts 108 and through a clutch cover 109 riveted to 'the diaphragm plate [8! as at 10311. The"rotati'ng hublBZ of the diaphragmplateflill -i s'p'r'c ivide d withannular grooves l lllfl H "andiotates'w ithin a cylindrical bore ina stationary housing l {2. These grooves are separated sealed tv piaen rings H3. A longitudinal ductfl fll'b'omihunicating with the annular groove "1 f0 transmitsoil' under pressure to diaphragm chamber '9 I chamber communicates with 'the "e'iihaust port I00 and centrifugal'valve*99' w'hich' a'r'e located in the diaphragm plate Hll. A' similar duet "lit leads from the annular groove "ii'lf't'o' the diaphragm chamber '95 forengaging iclutchelement 94. These connections are -=clarified "in "Fig."4

which shows a fragmentary cross sectional -View 12 of the clutch conduits in a plane disposed to the cross sectional plane shown in Fig. '3.

Since the movement of the centrifugal valve-=99 from a; position which permits sufficient exhausting with the fluid under pressure to prevent engagement of the clutch element 90 to a full blocking osition is very slight, the radial position of the valve remains substantially constant at all times and it is therefore unnecessary to compensate for the effect of an increase in the radial position which normally causes a centrifugal weight 'to .move suddenly from its inner to its outermost position.

It will be noted that the engine speed which would cause the centrifugal valve 99 to fully block the exhaust port Hi0 will vary with .the pressure of theoil introduced into diaphragm 9| and for all engine speeds below the full blocking speed forany given pressure introduced into such diaphragm, the centrifugal valve 99 will determine the effective pressure of clutch application.

In starting a vehicle under full or any intermediate throttle position, the control means other than the centrifugal valve, such as pressure control means responsive to accelerator position, for determining the available fluid pressure for actuating the first gear clutch mayoperate in a manner that will normally provide fluid pressure somewhat higher-than the effective blocking precsure-of the centrifugal valve99 during all :intermediate periods prior to the establishment of positive drive so that the centrifugal valve -99 will determine the clutch application :pressure until positive drive is established.

While centrifugally actuated clutch means responsive to engine speed is an effective method of obtaining a smooth properly regulated starting clutch engagement, a number of distinct disadvantages would attend the useof -such :means alone. High idling devices operative whenthe engine iscold to increase the idling speed would tend to cause creeping in low gear when the ,accelera-tor is released with the gear shift set for forward operation. vln-addition, when the transmission is inneutralposition, suchacentrifugally operated clutch would tend to rotate the free gears between the clutch and the neutral gear during high idling periods which would cause clashing of gears upon an attempt to shift into forwarder reverse.

However, by combining centrifugally actuated pressure regulating means as described 'above with pressure control means responsive rto raccelerator position, the advantage of smooth -.engagementof the-first gear clutchthroughithe use of such centrifugal means is'retained, whileshigh idling difficulties are overcome.

n will be noted that in each of the embodi ments disclosed herein, centrifugally -actuated clutch pressure regulating \meansis useddn connection with onlyaone of the-clutches, in each case the clutch associated with low gear. This has been found desirable since vehicles-are frequently operated inihigh gear, associated with the other clutch, at relatively low engine speeds suchlthati the use ofcentrifugflly-actuated means for modifying clutch pressure would resultinexcessive' clutch slippage under such-circumstances. Furthermore, the engaging'pressureof the clutch associated with the'relativ'ely highergearsis not ascriticalasinlthe case of the low gear cluth andmay be adequatelycontrolled"through thelise of pressure'regula'ting means 'responsiv 'to accelerator position, or similar control means,

thereby "avoidingthe clutch slippage mentioned above.

While I have shown and described three satisfactory embodiments of a multiple clutch assembly in accordance with the principles of the present invention, it will be understood that many changes, variations and modifications in the specific constructional details thereof may be resorted to Without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth in the claims hereunto appended.

I claim: a

1. In a transmission, a multiple clutch assem bly comprising an annularpower driven rotating member, shaft and a sleeve axially aligned with said member and separately rotatable relative to eachother and said member, a pair of longitudinally spaced annular clutch elements drivingly connected to said shaft and sleeve respectively, an assembly driven at-the speed of said annular member including a double faced pressure plate interposed between said-clutch elements and a longitudinally movable pressure plate on the outer side of each of said clutch elements, and selective means for moving each of said outer pressure plates toward said intermediate pressure plate to effect driving engagement of one of said clutch elements, said latter means comprising an 'annu lar diaphragm plate having a fixed relation with said intermediate pressure plate, a diaphragm and pressure chamber on either side of said diaphragm plate, and actuating means connecting each of said diaphragms with one of said outer pressure plates.

2. In transmission, a multiple clutch assembly comprising an annular power driven rotating member, a shaft and a sleeve axially aligned with said member and separately rotatable relative to each other and said member, a pair of longitudinally spaced annular clutch elements drivingly connected to said shaft and sleeve respectively, a rotating assembly driven at the speed of said annular member including a plurality of annular pressure plates adapted to bear against either side of each of said clutch elements when selectively actuated, an annular diaphragm plate, a diaphragm and pressure chamber on either side of said diaphragm plate, and actuating linkages from said diaphragrns to certain of said pressure plates for selectively rendering effective the engagement of each of said clutch elements, and means for introducing effective pressure into each of said pressure chambers.

3. In a transmission, a multiple clutch assembly comprising an annular power driven rotating member, a shaft and a sleeve axially aligned with said member and separately rotatable relative to each other and said member, a pair of longitudinally spaced annular clutch elements drivingly connected to said shaft and sleeve respectively, a rotating assembly driven at the speed of said annular member including a plurality of annular pressure plates adapted to bear against either side of each of said clutch elements when selectively actuated, an annular diaphragm plate, a diaphragm and pressure chamber on either side of said diaphragm plate, actuating linkages from said diaphragms to certain of said pressure plates for selectively rendering effective the engagement of each of said clutch elements, and a collector sleeve concentric with said shaft provided with separate conduits leading to each of said pressure chambers, a stationary collector housing being provided with separate passages communicating with each of said conduits.

4. In a transmission, a multiple clutch assembly comprising an annular power driven rotating member, a shaft and a sleeve axially aligned with I said member and separately rotatable relative to eachother and said member, a pair of longitudinally spaced annular clutch elements drivingly' connected tosaid shaft and sleeve respectively; an assembly driven at the speed of said annular member including a double faced pressure plate interposed --between; said clutch-elements and a longitudinally movable pressure plate on the outer side of each of said clutch elements, an annulardiaphragm plate having a fixed relationship rela tive to said intermediate pressure Plate, a diaphragm and pressure chamber on either side of said diaphragm plate, an actuating linkage from pressure chambers, stationary collector housing being provided Withseparate passages communiea i with each of said conduits. V

5. In a transmission, a multiple clutch assembly I comprising an annular power driven rotating member, a shaft and a sleeve axially aligned with said member and separately rotatable relative to each other and said member, a pair of longitudinally spaced annular clutch elements drivingly connected to said shaft and sleeve respectively, an assembly driven at the speed of said annular member including a double faced pressure plate interposed between said clutch elements and a longitudinally movable pressure plate on the outer side of each of said clutch elements, an annular diaphragm plate having a fixed relationship relative to said intermediate pressure plate, a dia phragm and pressure chamber on either side of said diaphragm plate, an actuating linkage from each diaphragm to one of said outer pressure plates for moving the same toward said intermediate pressure plate to effect driving engagement of one of said clutch elements, and means for introducing effective pressure into each of said pressure chambers.

6. In a transmission, an annular power input member, a multiple clutch assembly having driving and driven elements axially aligned with said input member, said driving elements including a central axially fixed double-faced pressure plate and an axially movable pressure plate on either side thereof, said driven elements including an annular member interposed between eachof said movable pressure plates and said double-faced central pressure plate, means for actuating one of said movable pressure plates to engage a driven member While the other is released, and a flexible strap driving connection between said annular power input member and an axially fixed member of said clutch assembly adapted to accommodate a limited axial misalignment between said annular power input member and said clutch assembly.

7. In a transmission, an annular power input member, a multiple clutch assembly having driving and driven elements axially aligned with said annular power input member, said driving elements including a central axially fixed doublefaced pressure plate and an axially movable pressure plate on either side thereof, said driven elements including an annular member interposed between each of said movable pressure plates and said double-faced pressure plate, means for actuating one of said movable pressure plates to engage a driven member While the other is released, a driving connection between said input member and said clutch assembly; said driving c'onnectidn-being substantially rigid in a, tr-ansverseplane andr'elatively yielding ina; longitudi n21: plane ina manner adapted to provide for limited axielmisalignment between 'said power in put member and said'clutch aes'embly.

In a, transmission, an: annular power" input member, a'multiple clufich assembl having driving a-nddriven-elements; said driving element's in clud-ing a centralaxiallyfiXddOtible-facd pressureplate and an axially movable pressure plate one'ither side thereof, stud driven elements iiieluding an engageable member interposed; be-

tween each of saidmovable pressure plates and said central pressure plate, an annular reaction member axially displaced from said central pressure" plate beyond one of the adjacent movable plates, arigid connection" between said reaction member'and' an axially fixed member ofsaidce'n tral pressure plate, means adapted toreac't against tudinar plane in a. manner adapted to accommo t6 date at limited axial misalignment between said annular power input member and'said'clutchassembly. 7

WILLIAM T. LIVERMORE,

References Cited in the file ofthis patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 794,899 Sturtevant et a1. July 18, 1905 1,991,124' Sharpe Feb. 12, 1935 2,003,212 Millican et a1. May 28, 1935 2,078,466 Staufier et a1. Apr. 27, 1937 2,094,449 Forichon' 1 Sept. 28, 1937 2,100,810 Livermore Nov. 30, 1937 163,202 Kegresse June 20, 1939 2,167,705 Batten 1 Aug. 1, 1939 2,270,467 Nutt- 1 Jan. 20, 1942 2,275,204 Smirl Mar. 3, 1942 2,277,557 Nutt 1 Mar. 24, 1942 2,328,090 lIutt.- Aug. 31, 1943 2,328,092 Nutt .r -21- Aug. 31, 1943 2,345,244 Eason Mar. 28, 1944 2,376,545 Livermore May 22, 1945 2,386,217 Kegresse Oct. 9, 1945 2,440,589 Kegresse Apr. 27, 1948 2,485,688 Banker 1. Oct. 25, 1949 

